A.
VERB
Verb is a kind of word (part
of speech) that tells about an action or a state. It is the main part of a
sentence: every sentence has a verb.
Tipe
of verb:
·
Action verb
Action verbs express specific actions, and are
used any time you want to show action
or discuss someone doing something.
Example: run,
walk, do, drive, etc.
-
I’ll do my homework when I get home
·
Transitive
verb
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always
express doable activities. These verbs always have direct objects, meaning
someone or something receives the action of the verb.
Example:
- Richard annoys his boss so much that he’ll never get a promotion.
- Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch every day..
Here’s
a list of some common transitive verbs that must be followed by a direct
object:
# Bring,send,owe,contain,buy,show,take,tell,verify,check,get,wash,
etc.
·
Intransitive Verb
Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always
express doable activities. No direct object follows an intransitive verb.
Example:
- If Cathy continues to be late for work, the boss will fire her.
- The bomb exploded in the city center.
Here
is a list of common intransitive verbs:
o
Come,explode,laugh,sit,rise,excelrespond,run,cough,swim,emigrate,smile,act,cry,immigrate,lie,arrive,continue,die,go.
·
Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping
verbs, and are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to
form a question or negative.
Example:
o
Does Sam write all his own reports?
o
The secretaries haven’t written all the
letters yet.
o
Terry is writing an e-mail to a client
at the moment
o
Jessica is taking John to the airport.
o
If he doesn’t arrive on time, he’ll have
to take a later flight.
o
Unfortunately, our dinner has been eaten
by the dog.
How to Identify an Auxiliary Verb
You probably know that every sentence
has at least one verb in it. There are two main types of verbs. Action verbs
are used to depict activities that are doable, and linking verbs are used to
describe conditions. Both action verbs and linking verbs can accompany
auxiliary verbs including the three main ones: do, be, and have
·
Stative Verb
Stative verbs can be recognized because they
express a state rather than an action. They typically relate to thoughts,
emotions, relationships, senses, states of being, and measurements.
Example:
o
Paul feels rotten today. He has a
bad cold.
o
Do you recognize him? He is a
famous rock star.
o
Our client appreciated all the work we
did for him.
o
I see Michael, but he can’t see
me. I’m too far away.
o
James is seeing Marsha. They’ve been
together for a month.
·
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used
to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and obligations.
Example:
o
Tom can write poetry very well.
o
I can help you with that next week.
o
Lisa can’t speak French.
·
Phrasal Verb
Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead,
they are combinations of words that are used together to take on a different
meaning to that of the original verb.
Example:
o
Ella tore up the letter after she read
it.
o
Their car broke down two miles out of
town.
o
Did the manager deal with that
customer’s complaint.
·
Irregular Verb
Irregular verbs are those that don’t take on
the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past participle verbs.
Example:
o Go get your brother. It’s time to eat dinner.
o
I want to build a sand castle like the one we built last year.
o
He bet me that I couldn’t run five miles without
stopping.
B. Adverb
The word used to describe all forms of words except nouns and pronouns.
The types ofadverbs :
1.
Adverb of
Manner
Adverbused to expressthe
wayorhowajob is done. Example : easily, fluently,
slowly, seriously, well and the others. In the sentence: you can do
examination easily.
2.
Adverb of
Time
Adverb used to express when a job or event is happen. Example : today, tomorrow, next year, last
night and the others. In the sentence : I go to college in this morning.
3.
Adverb of
Frequency
Adverb used to expres show often an
activity or event is happen. Example :
always, seldom, never, often, sometimes, usually, and the others. In the sentence
: I usually open my handphone every morning.
4.
Adverb of
Degree
Adverb used to express the extent to which (level) of an activity or event is happen.
Example : very, so, little, and the others.
5.
Adverb of
Place and Direction
Adverb used to express the place and the direction to be happen of anactivity or event. Example : in front of, beside, there, every where and
the others. In the sentence : I stand in front of you.
C. Adjective
The words used to describe the noun or
pronoun.
The types of adjectives :
1.
Original
Adjective
Adjectives that are not made up of elements
of any word, but in deed it was created to bean
adjective. Example : don’t step
on the floor, it still wet.
2.
Past
Participle
Commonly known verb 3 could also be adjectives. Example : please help me to fix my bicycle.
3.
Article
The consists of article
is : a, an and the.
4.
Possessive
Adjective
The consists of
possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, its, their.
5.
Demonstrative
Adjective
The words instructions : these, this, and that. Example : when she tripped over
that stone, she dropped a pile of snacks.
6.
Interrogative
Adjective
The words using question
words : which and what. Example : which movies should be watched once a week?
D.
NOUN
Nouns are simply the names we give to
everything around us, whether it be a person, an event, a place or an object,
etc.
Type of Noun :
§ Proper Noun
These nouns are the names of specific people
and places. These nouns also refer to the names of the days of weeks and
months, and also the various names for religions, organizations, institutions,
etc. Proper nouns basically refer to the names that are specific to that
particular noun. These nouns are always capitalised as they need to be distinct
from other nouns.
Example:
- William Shakespeare was a playwright.
- I will be visiting New York next
month.
§
Common Nouns
Name people, place, or
things are not specific. Example : man, ocean, book, country, beach, mountain,
bear, etc.
§
Abstract
Nouns
The nouns can’t be understood by the five senses. Example : love, idea, sunday, childhood, faith, life,
happiness, etc.
§
Concrete
Nouns
The nouns can beunderstoodby the five senses. Example : fruits, glass, house, afgan, plate, etc.
§
Collective
Nouns
The nouns to name a group or collection. Example : army, audience, family, team, community,
band, village, group, flock, etc.
§
Countable
Nouns
The nounscan be calculated. Example : boxes, pencils, books, dolls, mangoes,
classes, etc.
§
Uncountable
Nouns
The nouns can’t be calculated. Example :
salt, sugar, water, milk, oil, etc.
§
Material
Nouns
The nouns are creation of nature and not
created by human intervention. Example : gold, silver,
stone, oil, air, water, etc.
§
Compound
Nouns
The kind of
nouns are consist soft noun. Example : sunlight, eyeglasses, snowflake, pitgails, etc.
§
Possesive
Nouns
The nouns describe about owner ship. Example : mom’s bicycle, she’s pencil, he’s handphone.
§
Plural Nouns
The nouns are more than one. Example :
boxes, mangoes, books, pencils, rulers, etc.
§
Singular
Nouns
The nouns aren’t more than one. Example : box, mango, book, pencil, ruler, etc
E.
Prefix
A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. For example, the word "unhappy" consists of the prefix "un-" [which means "not"] combined with the root (stem) word "happy"; the word "unhappy" means "not happy."
A Short List of
Prefixes:
|
PREFIX
|
MEANING
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
de-
|
from, down, away reverse,
opposite
|
decode, decrease
|
|
dis-
|
not, opposite, reverse, away
|
disagree, disappear
|
|
ex-
|
out of, away from, lacking,
former
|
exhale, explosion
|
|
il-
|
Not
|
illegal, illogical
|
|
im-
|
not, without
|
impossible, improper
|
|
in-
|
not, without
|
inaction, invisible
|
|
mis-
|
bad, wrong
|
mislead, misplace
|
|
non-
|
Not
|
nonfiction, nonsense
|
|
pre-
|
Before
|
prefix, prehistory
|
|
pro-
|
for, forward, before
|
proactive, profess, program
|
|
re-
|
again, back
|
react, reappear
|
|
un-
|
against, not, opposite
|
undo, unequal, unusual
|
F.
Suffix
A suffix
is a group of letters placed after the root of a word. For example, the word
flavorless consists of the root word "flavor" combined with the
suffix "-less" [which means "without"]; the word
"flavorless" means "having no flavor."
A Short List of
Suffixes:
|
SUFFIX
|
MEANING
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
-able
|
able to, having the quality of
|
comfortable, portable
|
|
-al
|
relating to
|
annual, comical
|
|
-er
|
Comparative
|
bigger, stronger
|
|
-est
|
Superlative
|
strongest, tiniest
|
|
-ful
|
full of
|
beautiful, grateful
|
|
-ible
|
forming an adjective
|
reversible, terrible
|
|
-ily
|
forming an adverb
|
eerily, happily, lazily
|
|
-ing
|
denoting an action, a material,
or a gerund
|
acting, showing
|
|
-less
|
without, not affected by
|
friendless, tireless
|
|
-ly
|
forming an adjective
|
clearly, hourly
|
|
-ness
|
denoting a state or condition
|
kindness, wilderness
|
|
-y
|
full of, denoting a condition, or
a diminutive
|
glory, messy, victory,
|
These are common endings for nouns. If you see
these endings on a word, then you know it must be a noun.
|
-dom
wisdom(n)
kingdom(n) |
at the end of a
word means:
- state or
condition
- domain, position,
rank
- a group with
position, office, or rank
wise+dom means the
state of understanding what is good, right and lasting.
king+dom means the
domain or area belonging to a king.
|
|
-ity
capability(n)
flexibility(n) |
at the end of a
word means condition or quality of __________.
capable+ity means
the condition of being capable.
flexible+ity means the quality of being flexible. |
|
-ment
contentment(n) |
at the end of a
word means act of __________; state of __________; result of __________.
content+ment means
the state of being satisfied (content).
|
|
-sion, -tion
celebration(n) |
at the end of a
word means act of __________; state of __________.
celebrate+tion
means the act of celebrating
|
|
-ness
toughness(n)
|
at the end of a
word means state of __________.
tough+ness means
the state of being tough.
|
|
-ance, -ence
assistance(n) |
at the end of a
word means act of __________; state of __________; quality of __________.
assist+ance means
act of giving help.
|
|
-er, -or
fighter(n) actor(n) |
at the end of a
word means one who __________; that which __________.
fight+er means one
who fights
act+or means one who acts. |
|
-ist
violinist(n) |
at the end of a
word also means one who __________; that which __________.
violin+ist means
one who plays the violin.
|
These are common word endings for adjectives.
If you see these ending at the end of a word, you can be certain it is an
adjective.
|
-ive
extensive(adj) selective(adj) |
at the end of a
word means doing or tending toward doing some action
extend+ive means
doing something large in range or amount
select+ive means tending to select. |
|
-en
wooden(adj)
|
at the end of a
word means made of __________.
wood+en means made
of wood.
Note: When the word is an adjective, the -en means made of __________. We have seen -en at the end of a verb. There it means to make __________. |
|
-ic
heroic(adj) poetic(adj) |
at the end of a
word means characteristic of__________; like __________.
hero+ic means
characteristic of a hero.
poet+ic means characteristic of (or like) poets or poetry. |
|
-al
financial(adj) manual(adj) |
sometimes makes an
adjective; when it makes an adjective it means relating to __________.
finance+al means
relating to finance. (Finance means money.)
manu+al means relating to the hand. (Manus means hand in Latin.) |
|
-able
portable(adj) pleasurable(adj) |
at the end of a
word means able __________; can __________; or giving __________.
port+able means can
be carried; able to be carried.
pleasure+able means giving pleasure. |
|
-y
hairy(adj)
rainy(adj) |
at the end of a
word means having __________.
hair+y means having
hair (a lot of hair).
rain+y means having rain. |
|
-ous
mysterious(adj) |
at the end of a
word means full of __________; having __________.
mystery+ous means
full of mystery.
|
|
-ful
hopeful(adj) beautiful(adj) |
at the end of a
word means full of __________; having __________.
hope+ful means full
of hope.
beauty+ful means full of beauty. Note: The suffix -ful is always spelled with one l; the word full has two. |
|
-less
powerless(adj)
homeless(adj) |
at the end of a
word means without __________.
power+less means
without power.
home+less means without a home. |
I.
COMPOUND NOUN
A
compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words. Each word makes up part
of the meaning of the noun.
Compound nouns can be written three ways:
|
A single word:
|
Haircut
Dropcloth |
|
Two words:
|
Rain forest
Ice cream |
|
Hyphenated:
|
Self-esteem
Brother-in-law |
Hint:
Single-word
compound and hyphenated compounds are easy to spot. Two-word compounds can be
tricky. Often they can be confused with adjectives describing nouns. Ask
yourself, "Would I find that word in the dictionary?" For example,
cold water is water that is cold. Ice cream is not cream that is ice. To check
the spelling of a compound noun, check the dictionary.
Proper nouns such as names and places can also
be classified as compound nouns.
Hint:
A compound noun
is the sum of its two parts. Just because you can divide a word into two other
words doesn't make it compound.
When making a compound noun plural, if the noun
is one word, add s to the end. If it is two words or hyphenated, add s
to the part that is plural, not the whole noun.
one director
general ... two directors general (there are two directors, not two generals)
one mother-in-law ... two mothers-in-law (there are two mothers, not two laws)
one mother-in-law ... two mothers-in-law (there are two mothers, not two laws)
J.
Compound Adjectives
A compound adjective is formed from
two different words, and occasionally three. They are usually written with a
hyphen and the stress is usually the same on both parts of the compound.
1.
Describing
People
Many compound adjectives describe a
person’s appearance, character, and situation. Example : well-known, well-off,
good-looking, easy-going, brand new.
2.
Well and
Badly
These adverbs combine with many past participles to form
compound adjectives. You can use ‘well’ or ‘badly’ in front of the adjective.
Example : well-directed, well-made, badly-paid, badly-dressed.
3.
A
‘five-minute’ Walk
It is common to combine a number and a
singular noun to form a
compound adjective. Example : fifteen-minute drive,
four-star, five-pound, two-hour.
4.
Common
compounds
Example : full-time, part-time,
north-west, right-handed, first-class, second-hand
K.
collocation
A collocation is two or more words that often go together.
These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who
use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural
and just sound "wrong".
Ex:
.
|
TRUE
|
FALSE
|
|
She has blonde hair.
|
She has beige hair
|
|
She was discharged from
hospital.
|
She was released from hospital
|
|
the fast train
|
the quick train
|
|
fast food
|
quick food
|
|
a quick shower
|
a fast shower
|
|
a quick meal
|
a fast meal
|